Sergei Mozer
Sergei Mozer, Ph.D. (Law)
Published: Problems of economics and legal practice. – № 1. – Volume 21. – 2025. – P. 154-163.
© S.V. Mozer, 2025
When using the article referance is required
The research article was prepared as part of the author’s scientific research on improving the theoretical and legal foundations of international customs cooperation in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU, Union) in the context of interaction with the World Customs Organization (WCO).
Annotation
A task
To consider current issues of development of international customs cooperation of the EAEU with international and regional organizations, integration unions, including the World Customs Organization, special UN agencies, third countries in the field of customs regulation and prepare proposals for the development of such cooperation.
Conclusions
The article comprehensively examines the areas of international customs cooperation between the EAEU and subjects of international law that need to be developed within the framework of Eurasian integration.
Social Consequences
Conducting a study is associated with the implementation of the Main Directions of International Activities of the EAEU, which are annually approved by the presidents of the EAEU Member States.
Practical value
The results of the study are of interest to the customs cooperation block of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) and can be used by specialists of the customs authorities of the Member States of the Union, the EEC experts to organize international customs cooperation.
The article is recommended to researchers, teachers, students, graduate students and other categories of students in the Russian Customs Academy, in other universities and the WCO regional training centers in the specialties «Customs» and «Jurisprudence».
Originality/value
The research material is based on an analysis of the practical aspects of the activities of the Commission, the Customs Services of the Union Member States, the WCO and is the result of a comprehensive study of the issue of improving international customs cooperation.
Keywords: Eurasian Economic Union, EEU, the Eurasian Economic Commission, EEC, WCO, UNECE, UNCTAD, ASEAN, PRC, CIS, customs regulation, international customs law, customs, international customs cooperation.
Introduction. The issue of developing international customs cooperation of the Eurasian Economic Union (the EAEU, the Union) with foreign partners has remained relevant since its establishment. We explored this topic in our early works as part of studying the issue of interaction between the EAEU and the World Customs Organization (hereinafter referred to as the WCO), having analyzed the legal and practical aspects of the Union’s international activities, the state of international customs cooperation, current research areas, and problems of customs cooperation of the EAEU. Along with this, we systematized scientific research, and also analyzed scientific works that touch upon individual aspects of international customs cooperation in the context of the development of integration processes in the Eurasian space, and also made proposals for modernizing the conceptual apparatus.[1]
Let us recall that the EAEU carries out international activities, within the boundaries of which it has the right to carry out international cooperation. with states, international organizations, including the WCO. In relations with the WCO and foreign customs services, such cooperation can be called international customs cooperation.
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Today, among the legal instruments of the Union that regulate the legal relations of the EAEU with foreign partners on issues of international customs cooperation are the Treaty on the EAEU,[2] the Procedure for the implementation of international cooperation by the Union,[3] the Main Directions of International Activities,[4] the Memorandum of understanding between the EEC and the WCO dated June 17, 2016[5] (the Memorandum), Regulations on the activities of the Working Group on interaction with the WCO dated October 31, 2022,[6] trade agreements,[7] memoranda with third countries and international organizations.[8]
International cooperation of the Union includes contacts of official representatives and officials of the Union bodies with official representatives of third countries, international organizations and international integration associations, participation in events of an international nature, including presentations, conferences, seminars.[9]
The Union law does not fully disclose the concepts of «international activities of the EAEU», «contacts of official representatives and officials», and «events of an international nature». Our research allowed us to propose definitions of the following concepts within the boundaries of the EAEU international cooperation institute:
«contacts» – business relations, interaction of official representatives, officials and employees of authorized subjects of the Union bodies (within the framework of their competence and under the coordination of the Union Member States) with official representatives of third states, international organizations and international integration associations;
«forms of interaction between the EAEU and the WCO» – events of international cooperation (in nature) in the field of customs regulation and trade facilitation established by the law of the Union and agreements between the EAEU and the WCO;
«events of an international nature» – forms of interaction such as holding joint meetings, consultations, scientific and practical seminars and conferences; participation of representatives of one party in events organized by the other party; exchange of publically available information and documents concerning matters of common interest;[10]
«international activities of the EAEU» – cooperation of authorized subjects of the Union bodies with third states, international organizations and international integration associations within the framework of events of an international nature, regulated by the norms of the Union’s law.
It is proposed to amend the Procedure for the implementation of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union by introducing the developed concepts
and definitions into the text of this legal act.[11]
The conducted analysis allows us to conclude that «international customs cooperation of the EAEU» is the interaction of authorized subjects of the EAEU bodies with third states, international organizations and international integration associations within the framework of international events in the field of customs regulation and trade facilitation.
«International customs cooperation of the EAEU» is a set of actions, mechanisms and measures, regulated by legal acts of the Union, aimed at cooperation of the Union, represented by its authorized bodies, with the international customs community and international organizations in the field of customs regulation.
Thus, in the implementation of international customs cooperation between the EAEU and the WCO, official representatives, officials and employees of the EEC carry out work to form a positive image of the Union among the international customs community; present presentations on customs regulation in the EAEU; participate in the events of the WCO working bodies; and also implement the Memorandum of Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the World Customs Organization dated 17.06.2016. Such work is important for the purposes of improving customs regulation and trade facilitation in the EAEU.
The instruments by which the Union’s interaction with foreign partners is organized are acts of the Union’s bodies and international agreements. For example, the first group includes the decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council
of 27.05.2022 № 6 «On the commencement of negotiations with the Republic of Indonesia on concluding a free trade agreement»,[12] of 08.05.2024 № 3 «On the commencement of negotiations with Mongolia on concluding a temporary trade agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Mongolia, on the other hand».[13] The second group includes the formalized agreements of the EAEU with Vietnam,[14] WCO,[15] ASEAN,[16]etc.
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The objectives, forms and format of interaction are mentioned in the legal instruments that regulate relations with the above-mentioned subjects of international law (agreements, memoranda, action plans).
The forms of interaction are usually determined by instruments
and agreements with the Union’s partners, including:
consideration of practical issues of customs administration;
exchange of publically available information and documents concerning matters of common interest;
participation by invitation in events held by named entities;
organization of joint meetings, consultations, scientific seminars and conferences on matters of common interest;[17]
participation in the discussion of issues on the agenda of working bodies meetings (international organizations).
Promising areas of customs cooperation. Every year in the Main Directions of International Activity (MDIA, main directions) the key vectors and priorities of the international activities of the EAEU are determined, including within the competence of the customs cooperation block.
In terms of customs cooperation, the Main Directions for 2025 are interaction with the WCO, the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and BRICS. Along with this, cooperation with the South American Common Market (MERCOSUR) is highlighted.[18]
The results of the implementation of the MDIA are reflected annually in the Report on the implementation of the MDIA. When forming the MDIA, proposals from the blocks (divisions) of the Commission are taken into account, which are subsequently considered by the Union Member States, adjusted, approved or rejected.
To date, the Commission has concluded memorandums of cooperation (mutual understanding), within the framework of which the area of «customs cooperation» is mentioned, with the following countries: Mongolia, the Republic of Peru, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Republic of Singapore, the Republic of Moldova, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Kingdom of Morocco, the Republic of Cuba, the Faroe Islands, the Kingdom of Thailand, the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, the Republic of Indonesia, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the United Arab Emirates, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Ecuador.[19]
It is worth noting that the memoranda do not specify the forms of interaction or mechanisms for organizing customs cooperation between the EAEU
and the authorized bodies of the listed states. According to the author, for these purposes it is necessary to develop the appropriate international legal instruments, for example, (1) an action plan for the implementation of the memorandum of understanding on customs regulation; (2) a «customs» memorandum of understanding between the EEC and the Customs service of the state, as well as an action plan for its implementation; we are talking about the preparation and approval by the parties of a specialized «customs» memorandum between the EEC and the Customs service of the country with which the partnership dialogue is being built. Thus, along with the previously concluded «general» country memorandum
of understanding with the above-mentioned countries, it is proposed to conclude a customs memorandum and an action plan for its implementation.
The development of Eurasian economic integration requires practical results in the area of customs regulation and trade facilitation, consideration of specific issues of customs administration with foreign partners, not limited to the framework of scientific and practical seminars and conferences.
The positive changes that took place in the management system of the EEC customs cooperation block in August and September 2024[20] will, in our opinion, allow to take international customs cooperation of the EAEU to a new level with foreign countries and international organizations in the near future.
The following could be relevant topics for discussion by experts of the Union and Customs services of foreign countries in accordance with the concluded memoranda:
development of digital (smart) customs and the introduction of advanced customs technologies (regulatory framework), including issues of using navigation seals, the «single window» mechanism, and information exchange within the framework of a secure supply chain;
development of customs infrastructure (smart checkpoint);
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current tools for the development of seamless customs transit (national experience, legal, technical and technological tools).
Continuing the study of areas of international cooperation, we will list agreements of the EAEU with foreign partners:
Free Trade Agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, on the other hand (came into force on October 5, 2016).[21]
Agreement on trade and economic cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the People’s Republic of China, on the other hand (entered into force October 25, 2019).[22]
Interim Agreement leading to the establishment of a free trade area between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, on the other hand (came into force on 27 October 2019).[23]
Agreement on the exchange of information on goods and vehicles of international transport moved across the customs borders of the Eurasian Economic Union and the People’s Republic of China (came into force on November 21, 2020).[24]
In general, the listed legal instruments concern customs cooperation, including simplification of customs administration, risk management, classification of goods, development of the «single window» mechanism, use of information systems and information technologies, etc.
In the context of the development of international customs cooperation between the EAEU and subjects of international law, it is worth note the regional, interstate and international organizations with which the EEC interacts. According to the competence of the customs cooperation block of the Commission, the following can be distinguished: UNCTAD, UNECE, CIS, SCO, BRICS, APEC, UNESCAP, WCO.[25]
Thus, today the Union has created legal foundations and areas of international cooperation, including customs cooperation, which must be implemented within the framework of interaction with foreign partners.
Let us consider in more detail the individual areas of such cooperation and its prospects.
Interaction with the WCO. We have studied the issues of interaction with the WCO in detail in the period from 2017 to 2024. In particular, we have considered current issues of development of international customs cooperation between the Union and the WCO, identified circumstances that determine the demand for studying the legal status of observers in the WCO. Along with this, we have analyzed the legal aspects of the implementation of the Strategic Directions for Interaction with the WCO, formulated conclusions on the state of international cooperation of the Union, and formed current topics that develop the theoretical and legal foundations for the development of customs regulation in the EAEU in the context of interaction with the WCO.[26]
Today, Customs services and authorized bodies of the Union Member States are developing a Plan for the implementation of the Declaration on the further development of economic processes within the EAEU until 2030 and for the period until 2045, the «Eurasian Economic Path»[27] (the Plan, Declaration). In this regard, it is proposed to include the following event in the «international partnership» section of the Plan: «development of cooperation with regional integration associations, international organizations, foreign customs services in order to identify possible forms and specific areas of cooperation, as well as the study and exchange of international experience».
It is proposed to implement this event by:
creation of a mechanism for interaction between the EEC and the Customs services of the Union Member States on interaction with the WCO on individual issues on the agenda of its technical committees within the framework of the functioning of the Working Group on Interaction with the WCO;
obtaining the status of a WCO Member by the EAEU (a precedent akin to membership);
obtaining the status of WCO observer by the EAEU ( the EurAsEC precedent);
accession to the WCO legal instruments and tools;
This initiative is necessary to determine the strategic vector for building relations between the Union and the international customs community, including on the WCO platform.
Cooperation between the EAEU and China. The legal basis for organizing interaction between the Union and the PRC is the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the People’s Republic of China, on the other hand, dated May 17, 2018 (the Agreement dated May 17, 2018), chapter 6 of which affects such
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legal institutions of customs regulation as customs value, classification of goods, risk management, temporary import of goods and processing in the customs territory, release of goods, «single window», coordinated border management, authorized economic operator, as well as issues of customs cooperation, the use of information technology, customs infrastructure, preliminary decisions, information exchange, etc.[28]
The Sub-Committee on Customs Cooperation and Trade Facilitation is established in accordance with Article 6.24 of the Agreement. The Sub-Committee shall have the following functions: to ensure the proper implementation of Chapter 6 of the Agreement and resolve any issues arising in connection with its application; to monitor the implementation of Chapter 6 of the Agreement with a view to identifying areas relating to this Chapter that could be improved for the purpose of facilitating trade between the Parties; to exchange information with a view to strengthening cooperation between the Parties on issues of strategic development of the customs regulation of each Party; and to prepare recommendations and report to the Joint Commission.[29]
The EAEU-PRC Joint Commission was established in accordance with Article 12.1 of the Agreement of May 17, 2018. The head of the Eurasian part of the joint commission is a Member of the Board (Minister) in charge of trade of the EEC.
In terms of customs cooperation, the agenda of the Joint Commission is generally formed on the basis of issues considered within the framework of the functioning of the Sub-Committee on Customs Cooperation and Trade Facilitation.
In order to elaborate on issues and initiatives in detail, and coordinate the EAEU Member States in preparation for the Subcommittee meetings, a Working Group on Customs Cooperation and Trade Facilitation was created.[30]At the EEC level, the Director of the EEC Department of Customs Legislation and Law Enforcement Practice has been appointed as the head of the Working Group, who ensures the functioning of the Working Group and carries out work on preparing
and holding Sub-Committee meetings.
To date, 2 meetings of the Sub-Committee have been held, the last one on 11/17/20203. During the event, the following issues were considered: development of digital (smart) customs and implementation of advanced customs technologies, the «single window» mechanism, improvement of the institute of authorized economic operator, implementation of electronic document management during transit in the Union, as well as implementation of the «Eurasian Agroexpress» project.[31]
We believe that the current issues on the EAEU-PRC agenda
within the framework of customs cooperation may be the improvement of customs administration, the development of the institute of digital (smart) customs, the exchange of experience in the implementation of promising digital technologies in the activities of modern customs, the development of the «single window» mechanism, modern customs infrastructure and information exchange, the improvement of the institute of customs transit and the use of navigation seals.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The Commission has the competence to build relations with the UNECE.
In accordance with the 2025 MDIA, the Union interacts with the UNECE to develop regional economic cooperation through participation in various events, consultations, seminars, conferences, forums, round tables and other events, preparation of joint analytical and other reviews, including training materials and programs.[32]
The Commission’s cooperation with the UNECE is based on the Memorandum of Understanding of 26 June 2013.[33] The objectives of the memorandum include strengthening cooperation between the parties in the area of customs regulation and administration. Given that the memorandum is a framework, the interaction of the above-mentioned entities is carried out on the basis of individual action plans. The first such document was the Action plan for cooperation between the Commission and the UNECE for 2013-2015, which was approved by the Decision of the EEC Board of 15 October 2013 № 221.[34]
The cooperation plan between the EEC and the UNECE for 2024-2026
in section «V. Customs administration and regulation» defines the following objectives: exchange of experience in facilitating the crossing of customs borders in international rail transport; exchange of experience in the use of customs transit in road and rail transport; study of the UNECE/UN/CEFACT experience in creating standards and reference data models used to simplify trade procedures and digitalization multimodal transportation, including multimodal data exchange, digital transit.
However, in the new cooperation plan of the Commission and the UNECE
for 2024-2026, the goals of interaction, the subject of which is the «single window» mechanism, unfortunately, are not established. As part of the comparative analysis,
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we note that the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025 define a relevant event – «the Commission, together with the Member States, conducting work on developing priority instruments for the implementation of the «single window» mechanism in the system of regulation of foreign economic activity».[35] It is obvious to the author that the implementation of the Main Directions for the Development of the «Single Window» Mechanism in the Foreign Economic Activity Regulation System,[36] which were adopted by the heads of states in 2014, can be successfully carried out through the interaction of the Commission and the UNECE.
We believe that in order to develop progressive cooperation between the Commission and the UNECE within the framework of the Memorandum of Understanding of 26 June 2013, it is necessary to determine a list of UNECE working bodies where the representatives of the Commission’s customs cooperation block may participate on trade facilitation issues.
In addition, it may be promising to make additions to the Cooperation Plan between the Commission and the UNECE for 2024-2026, in particular, to Section «V. Customs Administration and Regulation», focusing on the following topics for possible reflection in this plan:
studying best practices in trade facilitation and applying advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, blockchain, machine learning, big data, etc.;[37]
study of the prospects for the development of «single window» mechanisms in the EAEU Member States in order to ensure their future compatibility and the possibility of data exchange;
study of the conditions of information interaction between the national mechanisms of the «single window» of the EAEU Member States with the national mechanisms of the «single window» of states that are not EAEU members, based on the principle of «export of one state – import in another state»;
study of international experience in coordinated border management
and its impact on the development of customs infrastructure;[38]
study of the issues of using artificial intelligence in cross-border trade, secure supply chain, automation of post-customs audit and customs control, including within the framework of the risk management system;[39]
capacity building: participation in educational UNECE programmes for representatives of the Commission’s Customs cooperation block.
The legal instruments of cooperation between the EEC and the United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) have been formed in a similar manner. The legal basis for cooperation is the memorandum of cooperation of May 23, 2013.[40] One of its goals is to strengthen cooperation between the parties in the area of customs regulation. In development of this document, the parties approve cooperation programs.[41] Among the areas of cooperation the MDIA for 2025 defines the interaction of the EAEU with UNCTAD in order to develop a dialogue on issues on the international agenda in the field of trade policy through participation in meetings of working bodies, expert meetings, conferences, forums and other events held at UNCTAD venues, as well as in UNCTAD initiatives; exchange of experience and study of best world practices in the field of coordination of electronic and digital trade.[42]
One of the areas of interaction in the Memorandum of November 14, 2018 «On Mutual Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Association of South East Asian Nations in the Field of Economic Cooperation» (ASEAN) is customs regulation and trade facilitation».[43] In development of the memorandum, the Cooperation Program between the EEC and ASEAN for 2021-2025 is being implemented, according to which, among other things, expert consultations and exchange of experience are provided in the following areas: increasing the operational compatibility of national «single window» mechanisms and paperless trade in the Southeast Asian region; the composition of the participants – representatives of the Member States of the EAEU, EEC and ASEAN; the introduction of trade facilitation tools and the «single window» mechanism in the Member States of the EAEU and ASEAN in order to develop paperless trade; the composition of the participants is the same.[44]
The 2025 MDIA defines cooperation with ASEAN in order to deepen dialogue and develop trade and economic cooperation with ASEAN Member States in the areas of customs regulation, transport and logistics.[45] It is worth noting that, to date, customs regulation activities have not been defined in the aforementioned cooperation program, and there is no information in open sources on the practical results of interaction between the EAEU, EEC and ASEAN in the period 2021-2024.
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Taking into account that the parties are working together on a new program document designed for the period after 2025,[46] we believe that it is necessary to define measures in the customs sphere to organize customs cooperation between the EAEU and the Customs services of the Union Member States with ASEAN. Otherwise, there are risks of leaving international customs cooperation outside the scope of a promising dialogue.
Participation of the Commission representatives in the events of the Executive Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). In November 2018, the Commission and the CIS Executive Committee signed a memorandum in which the parties, within their competence, agreed to develop cooperation, including in such area as customs regulation.[47] The action plan for the implementation of the Memorandum for 2023-2025 on deepening cooperation between the EEC
and the CIS dated 27.11.2018 provides for the following events: meetings of experts of the Council of Heads of Customs Services of the CIS Member States with the implementation period of 2023-2025; as well as meetings of the Council of Heads of Customs Services of the CIS Member States; implementation period – 2023-2025.
CONCLUSIONS
This article analyzes the theoretical aspects of the EAEU international activities, as well as the legal instruments that ensure it. Special attention is paid to the persons participating in international events, contacts of official representatives, as well as international events are formalized.
In accordance with the Union law, the EEC actively interacts
with international and regional organizations, integration associations, including the WCO, special UN agencies, and third countries in the field of customs regulation in order to harmonize and unify the law of the Union with the norms of international law and generally accepted international practice, and also participates in the activities of the working bodies of such organizations and associations on issues of improving customs regulation and trade facilitation.
In order to ensure the functioning of the EAEU as a pole of economic attraction in the international arena, as well as to prepare a Plan for the implementation of the Declaration on the further development of economic processes within the EAEU until 2030 and for the period until 2045, it is necessary to «review» previously reached agreements with foreign partners of the EAEU and determine steps for their practical implementation in the future.
Based on the analysis of the EEC’s cooperation with foreign partners, it is proposed:
to organize practical work within the framework of previously concluded memorandums of cooperation (mutual understanding), which mention the area of «customs cooperation», with the following countries: Mongolia, the Republic of Peru, the Kingdom of Cambodia, the Republic of Singapore, the Republic of Moldova, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the Kingdom of Morocco, the Republic of Cuba, the Faroe Islands, the Kingdom of Thailand, the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, the Republic of Indonesia, the Republic of Uzbekistan, the United Arab Emirates, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, the Republic of Nicaragua, the Republic of Ecuador;
based on the results of the analysis, conclude bilateral «customs» memoranda of understanding of the EEC, as well as action plans for their implementation with Customs services of the states with which the Commission has already defined the legal framework (listed above); including within the framework of the EEC agreements with integration associations. Among the current topics for dialogue, it is proposed to highlight the digitalization of the activities of customs authorities, the introduction of advanced customs technologies (organizational and legal aspects), the development of the «single window» mechanism, information exchange within the framework of a secure supply chain of goods, customs infrastructure (smart checkpoint), tools for the implementation of seamless customs transit (national experience, legal, technical and technological tools);
in terms of developing relations between the EAEU and the WCO, it is recommended to include activities for cooperation with the WCO in the medium and long term in the Declaration Implementation Plan (see above); develop
and approve a plan for cooperation (activities) between the EEC and the WCO for 2025-2030; intensify the work of the Commission in the activities of the WCO technical committees. As a prospect, joint EEC- WCO projects can be proposed, for example, the preparation of analytical reviews – the introduction of advanced customs technologies in the activities of modern customs; prospects for the development of the «single window» mechanism; approaches to the analysis of the level of development of customs administration; development of the AEO institution; the formation of the institution of e-commerce in the EAEU: the role of customs administration, etc.;
include activities in the plan of cooperation between the EEC and the UNECE and UNCTAD on the topic of trade facilitation and the development of the «single window» mechanism;
to work out the issue of creating a legal basis for the development of relations between the EEC and the APEC Customs Sub-Committee;
consider the advisability of concluding a memorandum of understanding on customs cooperation between the EEC and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), as well as a cooperation plan for the period 2025-2030.
Note: This article is the personal point of view of the author and is not related to his professional activities.
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SOURCES USED
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- Mozer S.V. Organizational and legal approaches to creating a legal mechanism for interaction between the Eurasian Economic Union and the World Customs Organization // Gaps in Russian legislation. – № 3. -Vol. 17. – 2024. – P. 206 – 216. URL: https://customs-academy.net/?p=19411
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- Procedure for implementation of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union. Approved by the Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of December 23, 2014 № 99. Legal portal of the EAEU. URL: http://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/0147032/scd_25122014_99
- Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. Astana, May 29, 2014. Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/14bn0044/?ysclid=lu5e7ke1jo22572659
- Decision of the Supreme Council of December 23, 2014 № 99 «On the procedure for the implementation of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/14vr0099/?ysclid=lu5ahhwb60916141022
- Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU of December 11, 2020 № 12 «On the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025». Alta-Soft: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/20vr0012/?ysclid=m70q34klii917822237
- Order of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 25.12.2023 № 6 «On the action plan («roadmap») for the implementation of the Declaration on the further development of economic processes within the Eurasian Economic Union until 2030 and for the period until 2045 «Eurasian Economic Path». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/23rv0006/?ysclid=m722jbo8ot155932401
- Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 26.12.2024 № 15 «On the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2025». URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0015/
[1]See Mozer S.V. International activities of the Eurasian Economic Union and the World Customs Organization / Customs Readings – 2017. Modern science and education guarding the economic interests of the Russian Federation: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. In 3 volumes / Under the general editorship of professor S.N. Gamidullaev . SPb.: V.B. Bobkov St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy. – 2017. – Volume 2. – Pp. 308 – 322. URL: http://customs-academy.net/?p=11312; Mozer S.V. Current issues of development of international customs cooperation of the Eurasian Economic Union with the World Customs Organization // Problems of Economics and Legal Practice. – № 2. – Volume 20. – 2024. URL: https://customs-academy.net/?p=19411
[2]Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. Astana, May 29, 2014. Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/14bn0044/?ysclid=lu5e7ke1jo22572659
[3]Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU of December 23, 2014 № 99 «On the procedure for the implementation of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/14vr0099/?ysclid=lu5ahhwb60916141022
[4]See the Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 26.12.2024 № 15 «On the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2025». URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0015/
[5]Memorandum of Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the World Customs Organization dated June 17, 2016. URL : https://docs.eaeunion.org/upload/iblock/4af/accriyx7s93k9y8kctzwcokzs4m4hpby/ms_07072016_doc.pdf
[6]Regulations on the activities of the Working Group on interaction with the World Customs Organization dated 31.10.2022 (Letter of the EEC to Members of the WCO WG dated 03.11.2022 № 18-830).
[7]Trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union. Official resource of the EAEU. URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/comission/department/dotp/torgovye-soglasheniya/
[8]Memorandums with third countries and international organizations . Official resource of the EAEU. URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/commission/department/dotp/memorandumy.php?ysclid=m6c7owg32l352175331
[9]Clause 2 of the Procedure for the implementation of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union. Approved by the Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council of December 23, 2014 № 99. Legal portal of the EAEU. URL : http://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/0147032/scd_25122014_99
[10]See Memorandum 12. Memorandum of Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the World Customs Organization dated June 17, 2016. URL: https://docs.eaeunion.org/upload/iblock/4af/accriyx7s93k9y8kctzwcokzs4m4hpby/ms_07072016_doc.pdf
[11]Mozer S.V. International activities of the Eurasian Economic Union and the World Customs Organization / Customs Readings – 2017. Modern science and education on guard of economic interests of the Russian Federation: collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific and practical conference with international participation. In 3 volumes / Under the general editorship of professor S.N. Gamidullaev . SPb.: St. Petersburg branch of the Russian Customs Academy named after V.B. Bobkov . – 2017. – Vol. 2. – P. 308 – 322. URL: http://customs-academy.net/?p=11312
[12]Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 27.05.2022 № 6 «On the commencement of negotiations with the Republic of Indonesia on concluding a free trade agreement». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22vr0006/?ysclid=m6ccxvspzh922496342
[13]Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 08.05.2024 № 3 «On the commencement of negotiations with Mongolia on the conclusion of a temporary trade agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and Mongolia, on the other hand». Alta-Soft. URL : https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0003/?ysclid=m6cd3t7lzb414863499
[14]See the Agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, on the other hand, dated May 29, 2015, «On Free Trade». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/15bn0092/?ysclid=m6cd8c1og4509324860
[15]See the Memorandum of Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the World Customs Organization dated 17.06.2016.
[16]Memorandum of 14.11.2018 «On Mutual Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the Field of Economic Cooperation». Alta-Soft. URL : https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/18bn0099/
[17]See the Memorandum of Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the World Customs Organization, 17.06.2016.
[18]See the Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 26.12.2024 № 15 «On the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2025». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0015/
[19]See Memorandums of cooperation or interaction ( third countries , regional integration associations and international organizations). Official resource of the EAEU. URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/commission/department/dep_razv_integr/mezhdunarodnoe-sotrudnichestvo/memorandumy.php
[20]Ruslan Davydov appointed Minister for Customs Cooperation of the EEC. Information resource of the EAEU. September 12 , 2024. URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/ruslan-davydov-naznachen-ministrom-po-tamozhennomu-sotrudnichestvu-eek/?ysclid=m6dvebzuko301436681; Alexander Titov appointed Director of the Department of Customs Legislation and Law Enforcement Practice of the EEC. Information resource of the EAEU. September 12, 2024. URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/direktorom-departamenta-tamozhennogo-zakonodatelstva-i-pravoprimenitelnoy-praktiki-eek-naznachen-ale/?ysclid=m6dvhfwqq528149025
[21] Agreement between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, on the other hand, dated May 29, 2015, «On Free Trade». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/15bn0092/?ysclid=m6cd8c1og4509324860
[22]Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the People’s Republic of China, on the other hand, dated May 17, 2018. Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/18bn0054/?ysclid=m6dkx03eke32805992
[23]Interim Agreement of 17 May 2018 leading to the establishment of a free trade area between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and the Islamic Republic of Iran, on the other hand (Astana, 17 May 2018). Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/18bn0101/?ysclid=m6dkzel09h321504540
[24]Agreement on the exchange of information on goods and vehicles of international transport moved across the customs borders of the Eurasian Economic Union and the People’s Republic of China dated June 6, 2019. Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/19bn0048/?ysclid=m6dl1pvskc172268831
[25]See the Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 26.12.2024 № 15 «On the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2025». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0015/
[26]See Research by Mozer S.V. Customs Academy: SCIENCE. URL : https :// customs – academy . net /; Mozer S.V. Organizational and legal approaches to creating a legal mechanism for interaction between the Eurasian Economic Union and the World Customs Organization // Gaps in Russian legislation. – № 3. -Vol. 17. – 2024. – P. 206 – 216. URL : https://customs-academy.net/?p=19411
[27]See the Order of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 25.12.2023 № 6 «On the action plan («road map») for the implementation of the Declaration on the further development of economic processes within the Eurasian Economic Union until 2030 and for the period until 2045 «Eurasian Economic Path». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/23rv0006/?ysclid=m722jbo8ot155932401
[28]See Chapter 6 «Customs Cooperation and Trade Facilitation» of the Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the People’s Republic of China, of the other part, dated May 17, 2018. Official resource of the EAEU. URL: https://eec.eaeunion . org / upload / medialibrary /21 b / Tekst – russkiy -_ EAEU – alternate _- final . pdf
[29]Ibid.
[30]See: The EEC discussed issues of customs cooperation between the EAEU and China. 08.04.2024. RCA: SCIENCE.
URL: https://customs-academy.net/?p=20571
[31]The EEC held a meeting of the subcommittee on customs cooperation and trade facilitation between the EAEU and China. 20.11.2023 URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/eek-provela-zasedanie-podkomiteta-po-tamozhennomu-sotrudnichestvu-i-uproshcheniyu-protsedur-torgovli/
[32]Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 26.12.2024 № 15 «On the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2025». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0015/
[33]Memorandum of Understanding between the Commission and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe dated June 26, 2013. Information resource of the EAEU. URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/upload/medialibrary/711/unece_memo_rus.pdf
[34]Decision of the Board of the EEC dated 15.10.2013 № 221 «On approval of the plan for implementing events on cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the UN Economic Commission for Europe for 2013-2015». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/13kr0221/
[35]Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 11.12.2020 № 12 «On Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025». Alta-Soft: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/20vr0012/?ysclid=m70q34klii917822237
[36]Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 29.05.2014 № 68 «On the Main Directions for the Development of the «Single Window» Mechanism in the System of Regulation of Foreign Economic Activity». Alta – Soft . URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/14vr0068/
[37] Cm . White Paper on the use of Artificial Intelligence in Trade Facilitation. February 2023. UNECE – UN/CEFACT. URL: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/WhitePaper-Use-Artificial-Intelligence-TF_Eng.pdf
[38] See Border Crossing Facilitation Activities. UNECE. 2015. URL: https://unece.org/DAM/trans/bcf/publications/Spectrum_of_Border_Crossing_Facilitations_Activities.pdf
[39] See Basics of Risk Management in Trade (ECE/TRADE/485). November 2024. URL: https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2024-11/ECE_TRADE_485.pdf
[40]Memorandum of Cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) dated May 23, 2013. URL : https :// eec . eaeunion . org / upload / medialibrary /567/ unctad _ memo . pdf
[41]See the Decision of the EEC Board of 29.10.2013 № 243 «On approval of the plan for implementing events on cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for 2013-2015». Alta-Soft. URL : https :// www . alta . ru / tamdoc /13 kr 02430/ ; the Order of the EEC Board of 24.04.2017 № 36 «On approval of the Cooperation Program between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) for 2017-2019». Alta-Soft. URL: https :// www . alta . ru / tamdoc /17 r 00036/
[42]See the Decision of the Supreme Council of the EAEU dated 26.12.2024 № 15 «On the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2025». URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/24vr0015/
[43]Memorandum of 14.11.2018 «On Mutual Understanding between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Association of South East Asian Nations in the Field of Economic Cooperation». Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/18bn0099/?ysclid=m6i8fklhod448816947
[44]See paragraphs 4.1 and 4.2. Cooperation programs between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Association of South East Asian Nations for 2020–2025. Official resource of the Ministry of Economic Development. URL: https://economy.gov.ru/material/file/ff21b358fa30046f13a5a257a781c914/programma_2020-2025.pdf
[45]See Section I of the MDIA.
[46]EAEU and ASEAN strengthen cooperation. Information resource of the EAEU, 19.09.2024. URL : https :// eec . eaeunion . org / news / eaes – i – asean – ukreplyayut – sotrudnichestvo /
[47]Memorandum on deepening cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Executive Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States of November 27, 2018. URL : https://docs.eaeunion.org/upload/iblock/8b7/h2etegpbov8yphuwtmni5hup72887mpj/ms_20122018_doc.pdf