ON THE ORGANIZATION OF EFFECTIVE LEGAL RELATIONS WITH THE WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANIZATION: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CUSTOMS AND ECONOMIC UNIONS

Sergei Mozer

РУССКИЙ

Sergei MozerPh.D. (Law)

Senior Researcher in the Research Institute of the Russian Customs Academy


Web: http://customs-academy.net/?page_id=10398

Telegram: https://t.me/teloneum

e-mail: moser@teloneum.ru

www.teloneum.ru

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3143-427X

Published: Economic Problems and Legal Practice — Vol. 18,  № 4. — 2022.- pages 148-155. 

© S.V. Mozer, 2022

(View original)

When using the article referance is required

 

The presented research material examines the legal issues of organizing interaction between customs and economic unions with the World Customs Organization (WCO), including the issue of obtaining membership status in this international organization.

Annotation

Task

To formulate proposals for organizing practical interaction between customs and economic unions with the World Customs Organization.

Conclusions

The research article is devoted to the development of effective legal relations between customs and economic unions with the WCO in the current conditions of the functioning of the international customs organization, as well as the development of Eurasian economic integration.

The subject of the study is the WCO legal instruments and tools, as well as the precedent of the European Union (EU) in terms of the formation of perspective relations between the EU and the WCO. The research material analyzes the organization of interaction with the WCO by authorized bodies of customs and economic unions; it also proposes an Action Plan (roadmap) for the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) to obtain the status of  the WCO Member as part of the implementation of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025.

Based on the results of the study, conclusions and recommendations were formed within the framework of cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Commission and the WCO.

Social Consequences

Conducting a study of the legal status of customs and economic unions in the WCO is associated with the implementation of clause 11.7.5. of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025 (Strategic Directions) in terms of cooperation with this international organization.

Practical value

The results of the study are of interest to the customs cooperation block of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC), and can be used by specialists from customs and other executive authorities in the EEU member states, EEC experts to organize and implement mutually beneficial customs cooperation between the EEC and the WCO.

The article is recommended to researchers, teachers, students, graduate students and other categories of students in the Russian Customs Academy, in other universities and the WCO regional training centers in the specialties «Customs» and «Jurisprudence».

Originality/value

The research material is based on an analysis of the practical aspects of the EEC – WCO activities and is the result of a comprehensive study of the issue of the legal and organizational basis for obtaining the WCO Member status by economic and customs unions.

Key words: The World Customs Organization, the WCO, the Eurasian Economic Union, EEU, the Eurasian Economic Commission, EEC, customs regulation, customs administration, international customs law, customs, observer, customs and economic union, action plan, roadmap.

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Introduction

In 2022 we completed a comprehensive study of the legal and organizational foundations for obtaining the status of a member of the World Customs Organization (WCO) by economic and customs unions. In the course of its preparation, a number of tasks were fulfilled, including the study of the current state of relations between the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC, Commission) and the WCO; prospects for the entry of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) into the WCO; it is studied the legal status of observers in the WCO, as well as the legal status of the EU in the WCO; we identified and analyzed the stages of consideration by the international customs community of the issue of EU membership in the WCO; it is considered EU activities in connection with the implementation of the application for membership in the WCO; the competencies of the EU and its member states in the WCO were examined; we also identified the risks associated with the EU membership in the WCO and studied the legal consequences of amending the Convention Establishing a Customs Cooperation Council (CCC Convention) in connection with the granting of WCO member status to customs and economic unions.

Along with this, we analyzed the legal and procedural aspects of obtaining EU rights and obligations akin to those of WCO members; the procedural aspects of the EU participation in the WCO work, as well as the EU legal instruments, coordinating the EU joint actions and its member states in the WCO.

Worthy of attention, in our opinion, are practical proposals for customs and economic unions on organizing interaction with the WCO, including as part of a study of the issue of membership in this international organization, as well as prepared practical proposals regarding the organization of cooperation with the WCO in the implementation of the Strategic Directions. Let’s consider such proposals.

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  1. On membership of customs and economic unions in the WCO

One of the purposes of this article is to prepare practical proposals for customs and economic unions to build productive relations with the WCO. Let us imagine that the functionaries of the integration association, who are in charge of international customs cooperation, are tasked with developing mutually beneficial relations with the WCO.

The author of this study is deeply convinced that the doors of the WCO are open to any customs or economic union that is a subject of international law and for which the issue of using the legal instruments and tools of this international organization in its rule-making activities is relevant. Another question is what legal status this or that integration economic association sees for itself in the WCO.

Clause 11.7.5. of Strategic directions for the development of Eurasian economic integration until 2025 provides for the following activities: «Development of cooperation with the World Customs Organization (WCO): carrying out joint actions with member states aimed at obtaining by the Union a membership status in the WCO; study of the possibility of joining the Union to the fundamental documents of the WCO».[1]

It must be understood that customs and economic unions can only receive observer status, but not a member of the Organization, which unambiguously follows from Article II of the ССС Convention, in accordance with paragraph «d» of which «The Council may admit representatives of non-Member Governments or of international organizations in the capacity of observers».

Of course, one can refer to the precedent of the European Communities (European Union) of 2007 on obtaining the so-called «membership» in the WCO. However, the participants in this political «deal», contrary to the provisions of the Convention and the recommendations of the leaders of various WCO regions, created it only for the European Communities.

According to the author, the EU does not have the status of a WCO member, however, as interim measure, it was granted «rights akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members». At the same time, to date, the WCO does not have any legal interpretation of what should be understood by such a wording.

For this reason, one can agree with the thesis that the status is similar to membership (akin to membership) has no legal effect, and the WCO Council has exceeded its powers in accordance with the text of the Convention establishing the Customs Cooperation Council.

Despite this fact, in the official WCO information materials posted on the Organization’s web page, the European Union, along with the states that have received membership, is listed as a member of the WCO in the European Region. Yes, with a small remark – «Status akin to WCO membership»,[2] i.e. «status similar to WCO membership».

In this regard, for the technical executor who annually prepares such information, we strongly recommend to read carefully the WCO Council decision № 318 of June 2007 and no longer allow such wording. There is no question of granting the status of a WCO member for the EU in the mentioned decision.

On the other hand, one can take the opposite position, arguing that the EU has the status of a WCO member. After all, in a narrow sense, legal status can be understood as a set of rights and obligations. In the case of the EU, rights and obligations similar to those enjoyed by WCO members were granted. Based on this logical connection, it can be concluded that the EU was granted a legal status akin to those enjoyed by WCO Members. At the same time, it is not at all necessary to refer to the official position of the United States in 2007, according to which, a status akin to membership has no legal effect.

Therefore, if a customs or economic union has a serious intention to «get involved» in a project related to obtaining WCO membership (which is impossible due to the rules of the CCC Convention), it must first be recognized that the EU membership in the WCO is a real fact. And to confirm this, the countries of this customs or economic union should obviously express their agreement with the recommendation of the Customs Cooperation Council to amend the Convention Establishing Customs Cooperation Council (June 30, 2007), adopted during the 109/110 meeting of the WCO Council, June 28-30, 2007.

In a previously published study, we presented the results of an analysis of the legal status of observers in the WCO.[3] Let us recall the rights and obligations that the WCO grants to this group of entities:

  • exchange open information and documents of mutual interest;
  • participate by invitation in events held by the WCO;
  • hold joint meetings, consultations, scientific and practical seminars and conferences on issues of mutual interest;
  • take part in the discussion of the agenda of the meeting of the WCO working bodies;
  • prepare a position, corrections and proposals on the agenda of the meeting and working materials, as well as voice them at the sessions of the working bodies;
  • submit documents for consideration, written comments to the Secretariat documents;
  • voice proposals for the modernization of WCO legal instruments and tools, as well as programs for the development of customs regulation and trade facilitation;
  • make proposals for making changes and additions to the draft final report of the meeting of the WCO working body on issues that were voiced by the observer;
  • provide consultations and presentations on the agenda of the meeting;

 

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  • influence through discussions on a particular issue or course of action being pursued;
  • to participate with the Secretariat in correspondence during the intersessional period;
  • provide technical knowledge, special information;
  • disseminate the views and experiences of the organizations and the regulatory sectors they represent;
  • share with the WCO regional experience on customs regulation and trade facilitation;
  • be involved in the World Customs Organization projects;
  • download relevant working papers directly from the website of WCO Members;
  • take seats in the meeting room immediately behind the last row of seats occupied by member delegations;
  • do not have the right to vote;
  • if the chair of a WCO working body deems it necessary, observers may be asked to leave the meeting room during voting.[4]

And now let’s ask ourselves the question, why should the customs and economic union receive the status of a WCO member? To pay an annual contribution to the WCO budget of 1 million euros or more? What rights and obligations does a customs or economic union actually receive, which it does not have in the absence of the status of a WCO member? What real benefits are given to such union?

Some would say that a significant advantage is that a WCO member has the right to vote and determine WCO policy on issues within its competence. Or that the observer’s proposals are not always taken into account in the rule-making process in various WCO bodies. However, who prevents member states that form such a customs or economic union from representing and lobbying its interests, being in the status of WCO members? The author’s practical experience in interaction with the WCO shows that when creating a flexible mechanism for cooperation between the member countries of the economic union and with the correct, well-organized coordination of their actions on the WCO platform, including before participating in meetings, such problems do not arise.

  1. Organization of interaction with the WCO by authorized bodies of customs and economic unions

1. Before starting to realize the intention of membership in the WCO, a customs or economic union needs to really understand what goals and objectives it pursues. Moreover, before including the thesis of WCO membership as a strategic goal, for example, in the strategic documents of the economic union, it is necessary to have a good preliminary analysis (report) of the consequences of such an intention. For the situation looks uncomfortable when the countries of the union make a decision to join the WCO, and then they begin to figure out whether this is possible in principle.

  1. To organize cooperation between the union and the international customs organization, a supranational legal framework should be created, for example, fixing in the main directions of the international activities of the union such a goal as organizing cooperation between the union and the WCO. This goal can be reflected in any other strategic documents of the union.
  2. At the initial stage of building relations with the WCO, it is important for a customs or economic union to create a legal basis for interaction. As a rule, the WCO offers a model memorandum of understanding, which can be adjusted to suit the interests of the parties. Usually, the conclusion of such a memorandum is preceded by consultations with the WCO Secretariat, and when expressing consent, the supranational body of the union is required to issue an administrative act on the conclusion of a memorandum with the WCO .
  3. The conclusion of a memorandum with the WCO at its Headquarters can be called the next stage.
  4. From this moment on, the supranational body of the union, which is in charge of customs administration, has 2 directions of movement.

The first is the active involvement in the work of various WCO bodies in the status of an observer. We are talking about expert work on the WCO current agenda, for example, in the formation of legal instruments and tools of the Organization, as well as consideration of topical issues of customs regulation. For the WCO Secretariat, it is important that the observer be completely immersed in the current issue. This is only welcome. The competence of observers is presented above.

Why should this be done? One day, the question may arise about the advisability of involving one or another observer in relatively closed topics, in the consideration of which priority is given to the members of the Organization. Another reason is that if, over time, the union expresses a desire to obtain the status of a WCO member, then it will need to answer one of the questions – what is the use of the membership of such an union for the WCO and what has it really contributed to its work? Therefore, the formal presence of an observer at WCO meetings or similar participation in its work may not have the best consequences for a customs or economic union.

Often heard during the meeting of the WCO working body, the only phrase of the delegate on the agenda under consideration – we support or do not support such an initiative – is not enough. It is need a specific study (work) of the issues initiated by the WCO, the formation of a position and active participation in discussions.

For operational work with the WCO in this case, it is necessary to create a working mechanism within the supranational body. This may be an informal group of experts or an established working group that interacts directly with the WCO on behalf of the supranational body.

The second is the creation of a legal mechanism for representing the interests of the union together with the customs authorities of the member states of the union. For this option, the optimal solution is to create an official working group at the level of the union, which will include representatives of the supranational body of the union, as well as the customs authorities of its member states.

  1. The next step is the creation of a working group (see above – the official working group) in the supranational body of the union for interaction with the WCO, whose competence will include the following issues:

– preparation of conceptual approaches for consideration by the union and the customs authorities of the member states of the current WCO agenda, rules and procedures for their submission, discussion, as well as sending a position to the WCO on topical issues on the WCO agenda;

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– consideration by the union and the customs authorities of the member states of the current WCO agenda, as well as the formation and coordination of the positions of the member states on the agenda;

– consideration of proposals and formation of common approaches of member states to build productive relations of the union with the WCO;

– development of customs cooperation and organization of practical interaction between the supranational body of the union, the customs authorities of the member states with the WCO on issues of mutual interest;

– consideration of other issues related to the implementation of the union’s agenda in terms of cooperation with the WCO;

– study of the possibility of joining the union to the WCO legal instruments and tools.

If the union intends to still obtain the status of a WCO member, the competence of the working group should be expanded, providing for the following competence for it:

carrying out joint actions with the member states of the union aimed at obtaining the status of a member in the WCO.

  1. The working group cannot function effectively without the approval of the rules of procedure or the regulations for the working group. This issue also needs to be resolved in accordance with the established rules.
  2. A customs or economic union requires a coordinated representation of its interests in the WCO.

This will be possible thanks to the formation of a mechanism for interaction between the union and the WCO, which defines the procedure for interaction between the supranational body and the customs services of the member states of the union, including mechanisms and procedures for agreeing and making decisions with the customs authorities of the member states of the union.[5]

The full participation of the supranational body in the WCO work and representation of the interests of the union and its member states makes it possible to monitor the development of international standards in the field of customs regulation, analyze their compliance with the law of the union in the field of customs regulation, bring information to the customs services of the member states of the union and make coordinated decisions on the expression positions on documents being developed, including WCO legal instruments and tools. This allows the supranational body to ensure constant monitoring of the standards developed at the WCO site and bring this information to the customs authorities, which, regardless of participation in the events, will be able to keep abreast of the acts being developed and the work being done in the WCO. [6]

In legal terms, it is required to develop conceptual approaches for consideration by the union and its customs authorities the current WCO agenda, the rules and procedures for their adoption, discussion, as well as sending a position to the WCO on topical issues on the WCO agenda.

  1. In the event that a customs or economic union has an intention to become a member of the WCO, by analogy with the EU, it is required to develop an action plan (roadmap), which displays the main stages of the implementation of the intention to become a member, the expected result, the deadline for the implementation of each stage, the performers, as well as the type of document.

Such an approach will make it possible to build a sequence of steps necessary to achieve the goals – obtaining by the union the status of a member in the WCO.

After the development, agreement by the Member States and approval of the action plan (road map), the working group will be able to begin the effective implementation of its tasks.

In this article, we examined a set of basic measures that deserve the attention of the authorized bodies of any customs or economic union when building effective relations with the WCO, including when considering the issue of obtaining the legal status of a member in the WCO, which, in the author’s opinion, has no tangible prospects soon.

  1. Action plan (roadmap) for the Eurasian Economic Union on obtaining the status of a WCO member

Above we have given recommendations to customs and economic unions on how to organize effective work with the WCO. Among them (in the presence of a formalized intention to become a member of the WCO) is the development of an action plan (roadmap), which displays the main stages in the implementation of the intention to become a member, the expected result, the period for the implementation of each stage, the executors, and the type of document.

It is obvious that in order to implement clause 11.7.5. of the Strategic Directions the EEC and the member states of the Union will need to prepare a similar action plan (road map).

However, before we offer a plan of action, let’s pay attention to the previously announced fact. Thus, by the Decree of the EEC Council dated 05.04.2021 № 4 «On the action plan for the implementation of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025», the corresponding action plan was approved. In the mentioned act of the Commission, measures and implementation mechanisms are named in accordance with the points of the Strategic Directions, the name of the event, the responsible executor (co-executor), the deadline for implementation and the form of implementation.

The Commission (Member of the Board (Minister) for Customs Cooperation) is appointed as the responsible executor for «carrying out activities with the Member States aimed at obtaining the status of a WCO member by the Union and making the necessary decisions of the Union’s bodies». The co-executors are the Member States. The form of implementation of this event is the acts of the Union bodies.[7]

In other words, by 2025, the bodies of the Union must develop the acts necessary for the entry of the Union into the WCO as a member.

Having analyzed the experience of the WCO in terms of granting EU membership, we have formulated the priority steps that need to be taken by the Commission and the Member States of the Union to implement paragraph 11.7.5. of the Strategic directions:

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  1. Organization of the work of the Commission and the Member States of the Union

a) Establish a working group for interaction with the World Customs Organization, which is responsible for the implementation of paragraph 11.7.5 of the Strategic Directions.[8]

b) Develop and approve the regulations for the activities of the working group on interaction with the WCO.

c) It is necessary to develop:

– an action plan (roadmap) for the Union to obtain the legal status of a member in the WCO, as well as to join the WCO fundamental legal instruments and tools;

– methodological approaches to study the possibility of joining the Union to the WCO fundamental legal instruments and tools;

– a list of fundamental WCO legal instruments and tools, which, in the opinion of the Member States, may become the object of analysis and be considered within the framework of the implementation of paragraph 11.7.5 of the Strategic Directions;

– conceptual approaches for the consideration by the Union and its customs authorities of the current WCO agenda, the rules and procedures for their adoption, discussion, as well as sending a position to the WCO on topical issues on the WCO agenda;

– the methodology for conducting negotiations between the Commission and the WCO for the purpose of the membership of the Union in the WCO.

  1. Legal and organizational approaches for the Union to obtain the status of a WCO member

a) Conduct a comprehensive study on the legal status of customs and economic unions in the WCO based on the EU precedent.

b) Conduct research on the following issues:

– the relevance of the Union’s membership in the WCO (why is it necessary from a practical point of view);

– the reasons for the membership of the Union in the WCO;

– legal issues related to the forthcoming request of the Union for the WCO membership, including the compliance of such a request with the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union and other acts of the Union;

– national legislation (constitutional law) of the Member States in terms of implementing the intention of the Union’s membership in the WCO;

– institutional issues: the right to vote in the WCO and the division of competence between the Union and its member states;

– about the competence of the Union and the Member States, the practical consequences that may arise as a result of the admission of the Union as a member of the WCO;

– distribution of competence between the Union and its member states on issues covered by the CCC Convention;

– financial issues: about the constant annual contributions of the Union to the WCO budget and the methodology for their calculation;

– risks associated with obtaining the status of a WCO member by the Union;

– the current status of the Union and the Commission in relation to the WCO;

– practical results of the work of the Commission in the WCO;

– practical measures to consider the request of the Union in the WCO;

– relations of the Union with other intergovernmental organizations;

– about the benefits of WCO membership for the Union;

– about the benefits of membership of the Union for the WCO;

– the likely impact of Union membership on the day-to-day activities of WCO technical committees;

– the degree of participation of the Member States of the Union and the Commission in various working bodies of the WCO.

  1. Measures

 

  1. Conducting negotiations between the Commission and the WCO Secretariat on membership in the Organization;
  2. Decision by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council to apply for WCO membership;
  3. Preparation of an instruction (in the form of an order) of the EEC Council for the Commission to submit the request of the Union to the WCO and, if necessary, to negotiate in order to obtain membership in the WCO;
  4. Applying for WCO membership. Sending by the Commission to the WCO Secretariat a letter indicating that the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council has authorized the Commission to negotiate membership in the WCO and asks to create a negotiating structure in the WCO to resolve this issue;
  5. Submission by the WCO Secretariat of the issue of the Union’s membership in the WCO at a meeting of the Policy Commission and the WCO Council;
  6. Consideration by the Policy Commission and the WCO Council of the Union’s application for membership in the WCO;
  7. Creation of an effective negotiation structure;
  8. Development and approval by the Commission and the WCO Secretariat of the negotiation methodology for the Union’s membership in the WCO.

For example, negotiations should be bilateral, that is, between, on the one hand, representatives of the Commission, and on the other hand, representatives of the WCO.

Formation of two negotiating groups:

Establishment of a Union negotiating team, which consists exclusively of Commission officials. The Member States of the Union participate in the negotiations through the negotiating structure established by the Commission.

Establishment of a WCO negotiating group: This should be a small but representative group of members, possibly consisting of the Chair and Vice Chairs of the Council, and a few other members appointed as Vice Chairs to ensure the best regional balance possible. This negotiating group is expected to be chaired by the Chairman of the Council .

  1. Preparation by the WCO Secretariat of a draft decision of the Council, according to which, as a transitional measure pending the entry into force of the amendment to Article XVIII of the Convention, the Union will be endowed with rights and obligations akin to those of WCO members;
  2. Preparation by the Commission of a draft decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the entry of the Union into the WCO and the fulfillment of rights and obligations akin to membership ad interim basis;
  3. Adoption of a decision by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the implementation of rights and obligations akin to those of WCO members by the Eurasian Economic Union in the World Customs Organization, as well as the adoption of a declaration of competence of the EEU on issues covered by the CCC Convention.

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  1. Legal acts of the Union necessary for the implementation of clause 11.7.5 of the Strategic Directions

 

  1. Rules of procedures (regulations) for the activities of the working group on interaction with the WCO;
  2. Action plan (roadmap) for the Union to obtain the legal status of a member in the WCO, as well as accession to the WCO fundamental legal instruments and tools;
  3. Methodological approaches to study the possibility of joining the Union to the WCO fundamental legal instruments and tools;
  4. List of the WCO fundamental legal instruments and tools, to which the Union plans to join in the implementation of paragraph 11.7.5. of the Strategic directions;
  5. Conceptual approaches to the consideration by the Union and its customs authorities of the current WCO agenda, the rules and procedures for their submission, discussion, as well as presenting a position to the WCO on topical issues on the WCO agenda;
  6. Methodology for conducting negotiations between the Commission and the WCO for the purpose of the membership of the Union in the WCO;
  7. Decision of the EEC Council to send the request of the Union to the WCO and, if necessary, conduct negotiations by the Commission in order to obtain membership in the WCO;
  8. Amending the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union (if necessary);
  9. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council on the fulfillment of rights and obligations akin to membership ad interim basis by the EEU in the WCO;
  10. Declaration of competence of the Union in matters covered by the CCC Convention;
  11. Guiding principles for coordinating joint actions of the Union and Member States in the WCO.

In this research paper, we have identified individual activities, as well as legal acts, that need to be considered when studying the implementation of clause 11.7.5. of the Strategic directions in terms of cooperation with the WCO. This is the so-called ideal scenario of a possible development of events.

         According to the author, the experts of the Commission and Member States on the way to the goal will face several factors that will not allow in the near future to fully implement the Strategic Directions in terms of cooperation with the WCO:

         – political factor;

         – protection of national competence by member states on the way of the Union’s movement to the status of membership in the WCO;

         – lack of a flexible management mechanism (for this project) with the necessary competence for prompt decision-making on a wide range of issues of building promising relations with the WCO;

         – lack of necessary legal instruments.

To date, the issue of continuing effective interaction between the Commission and the WCO remains extremely important. However, the next stage of such work should be the transformation or qualitative transition of cooperation between the Commission and the WCO to a new level – the interaction of a united front of the Commission and Member States with this international customs organization on behalf of the Union.

This does not mean that these two or three processes should not run in parallel. On the contrary, customs cooperation will only benefit when the Union in the WCO is positioned at several levels:

– Commission – WCO;

– Member State of the Union – WCO;

– Commission + Member States of the Union – WCO.

In this regard, we note that carrying out the international activities by the Commission with the international expert community, including on customs regulation and trade facilitation issues at the WCO site, is regulated primarily by the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union,[9] the Main Directions of International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union,[10] as well as the procedure for carrying out of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union.[11] Not all procedural aspects of such cooperation are defined at the regulatory level. According to the author, excessive regulation of the procedural aspects of international customs cooperation is rules of procedures, within the framework of the structural divisions of the Commission responsible for organizing cooperation with foreign partners, there is a clear understanding of such issues as normative regulation, the competencies of the division, coordination of cooperation within the division, planning and reporting, office work, participation in international customs cooperation events, etc.

We are talking about internal regulations, in relation to the customs block of the Commission – on the organization and procedure for carrying out international customs cooperation of the department of customs cooperation bloc of the Commission.

We believe that in the near future the Commission will need to get acquainted with research materials on the implementation of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025 in terms of cooperation with the WCO. And we hope that the results of this study can be used in expert work in practice.

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Used sources:

 

  1. Moser S.V. Analysis of the legal status of observers in the World Customs Organization // Gaps in Economics and Legal Practice. – № 1. – 2020 URL: https://www.urvak.ru/articles/probl-7411-vypusk-1-analiz-pravovogo-statusa-nablyu/
  2. Moser S.V. Legal instruments and tools of the World Customs Organization: monograph (in English). Moscow: Editorial and Publishing Department of the Russian Customs Academy, 2021. – 134 p. URL: http://customs-academy.net/?p=14071
  3. Moser S.V. Analysis of the legal status of observers in the World Customs Organization // Gaps in Economics and Legal Practice (February). – № 1. – 2020
  4. Kadyrkulov M.A., Mozer S.V., Lipatova N.G. World Customs Organization as a Modern Institute for Improving Customs Administration and Facilitating Trade Procedures: monograph. Lyubertsy: RIO Russian Customs Academy, 2017.
  5. Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union of May 29, 2014 URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420205962
  6. Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025 / Approved by the Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council dated December 11, 2020 № 12 «On Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025». URL: https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-us/01428320/scd_12012021_12
  7. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council dated December 23, 2014 № 99 «On the Procedure for the Implementation of International Cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union». URL: https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420242714
  8. Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council dated December 10, 2021 №20 «On the Main Directions of the International Activities of the Eurasian Economic Union for 2022».
  9. Order of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated April 5, 2021 № 4 «On the action plan for the implementation of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025». Alta – Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/21s00004/
  10. Order of the EEC Board dated March 29, 2022 № 55 «On the working group for interaction with the World Customs Organization». IS Alta-Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22r00055/
  11. Strategy of activity of the customs cooperation block until 2025. Official resource of the Eurasian Economic Commission. URL: http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/act/tam_sotr/dep_tamoj_zak/SiteAssets/%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%93%D0%98%D0%AF%202025.pdf 12. World Customs Organization. Europe. Last update: 6/15/2022. – P. 4. URL: http://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/about-us/wco-members/list-of-members-with-membership-date.pdf?db=web  

 

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

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[1]Strategic directions for the development of Eurasian economic integration until 2025 / Approved by the Decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council dated December 11, 2020 No. 12 “On Strategic directions for the development of Eurasian economic integration until 2025”. URL: https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/en-us/01428320/scd_12012021_12  

[2] World Customs Organization. Europe. Last update: 6/15/2022. – P. 4. URL: http://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/about-us/wco-members/list-of-members-with-membership-date.pdf ?db=web

[3]See Mozer S.V. Legal Instruments and Tools of the World Customs Organization: monograph (in English). Moscow: Editorial and Publishing Department of the Russian Customs Academy, 2021. – 134 p. URL: http://customs-academy.net/?p=14071

[4]Mozer S.V. Analysis of the legal status of observers in the World Customs Organization // Gaps in Economics and Legal Practice. – № 1. – 2020. URL: http://customs-academy.net/?p=14576

[5]See Strategy of the block on customs cooperation until 2025. Official resource of the Eurasian Economic Commission. URL: http :// www . Eurasiancommission . org / ru / act / tam _ sotr / dep _ tamoj _ zak / SiteAssets /% D 0% A 1% D 0% A 2% D 0% A 0% D 0%90% D 0% A 2% D 0 %95% D 0%93% D 0%98% D 0% AF %202025. pdf

[6] Mozer S.V. Analysis of the legal status of observers in the World Customs Organization // Gaps in Economics and Legal Practice. – № 1. – 2020.

[7]Order of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission dated April 5, 2021 № 4 “On the action plan for the implementation of the Strategic Directions for the Development of Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025”. Alta – Soft. URL : https :// www . alta . en / tamdoc / 21s00004 /

[8]Such a group was created by the Decree of the EEC Board dated March 29, 2022 № 55 “On the working group for interaction with the World Customs Organization”. IS Alta -Soft. URL: https://www.alta.ru/tamdoc/22r00055/  

[9]Article 7 of the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union. URL : https :// docs . cntd . en / document /420205962

[10]Approved annually by the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council.

[11] Approved by the decision of the Supreme Eurasian Economic Council No. 9 of December 23, 2014
“On the procedure for the implementation of international cooperation by the Eurasian Economic Union”.